Exodus 10 explained: Locusts, Darkness, and a Final Break

Why the signs continue (vv. 1-2)

God tells Moses that Pharaoh's stubbornness is part of a larger purpose, so these events will be retold to children and grandchildren. The stated aim is that Israel will know that their God is the LORD.

Warning and bargaining (vv. 3-11)

Pharaoh's own advisers beg him to give in because Egypt is ruined, so he offers to let only the men go, probably keeping the families back as a guarantee they would return. In the same breath that he calls their plan evil, he wishes the LORD's presence on them, which is usually read as bitter sarcasm, and Moses and Aaron are thrown out.

The locust swarm (vv. 12-20)

Locusts, which still devastate farmland in the region, are carried in on an east wind and strip every green thing the hail had left. Pharaoh admits he has sinned and asks for prayer, but once a west wind sweeps them away he refuses again.

Three days of darkness (vv. 21-23)

A darkness so thick it could be felt covers Egypt while the Israelites still have light where they live; some suggest a severe desert sandstorm lies behind it, but no one can be sure. Egyptians worshiped the sun as a great god, so many readers see this as a direct blow to that belief.

The last offer refused (vv. 24-29)

Pharaoh now lets everyone go but wants the animals kept back, and Moses insists every animal must come because they will need some for sacrifice. Talks end with Pharaoh threatening Moses with death if he ever shows his face again, and Moses agrees he never will.

Key verse: Exodus 10:3

Where Christians differ

Christians differ on how to understand God hardening Pharaoh's heart: some see God actively deciding Pharaoh's response, while others see God confirming a stubbornness Pharaoh had already chosen.

Something to think about

When someone keeps giving ground a little at a time but never all the way, what do you think is usually holding them back?